The Golden Mount Stupa, Bangkok, Thailand

The Golden Mount Stupa, Bangkok, Thailand The Golden Mount Stupa or Phra Chedi Phukhao Thong or Borom Banphot. The name Borom Banphot was given by King Rama IV of Bangkok to replace its original name of Phra Chedi Phukhao Thong. This religious monument is in the form of a golden stupa built on the top of a man-made hill seventy-six meters high and is located at Wat Saket. The Golden Mount Stupa as built in the reign of King Rama III and was completed in the reign of King Rama IV. When it was first created, the base structure of the Golden mount was in indented angles, a popular form of Buddhist architecture during the Ayutthaya period, each side being 100 meters in length and 18 meters in height. The foundation was laid by digging deep into the ground (it was muddy soil along the canal). Rows of packed logs in the served as a foundation base as in piling. The outer surface was of brick, while the center were heaped earth and blocks of laterite. During the construction, however, the base could not withstand the heavy weight of the soil and laterite. As a result, the upper part of the stupa subsided beyond repair and the work was left unfinished. King Rama IV of Bangkok, his successor, carried on the works, to be in charge of completing the Golden Mount project abandoned from the reign of King Rama III. He had the main Phra Prang reworked into ad artificial mount. Reached by two stairways winding round the slopes of the mount, with a stairway on one section. In May 1865, King Rama IV commissioned a bell shaped stupa on the top. He laid the foundation stone and held festivities to mark the occasion, including an all females dance troupe. The new Golden Mount was renamed Borom Banphot. In the reign of King Rama V, the Golden Mount’s second restoration work completed. Upon completion on January 4, 1877, the king attended a ceremony of enshrining a portion of the Buddha’s relics, formerly kept in the Grand palace, into the Golden Mount Stupa at the top of the mount for the first time and the second time, the Viceroy of India presented to the King, the Buddha relics which were given to this temple and placed in the stupa. The Golden Mount Stupa is regarded as the highest point in Bangkok and it is nine meters higher than the Prang of the Temple of Dawn, which is sixty-seven meters high. At the present king, King Ram IX or King Bhumibol attended a ceremony of depositing the Buddha‘s relics at the Golden Mount Stupa for the third time on January 22, 1954.

Temple of the Reclining Buddha or Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand

Temple of the Reclining Buddha, Bangkok, Thailand Temple of the Reclining Buddha or Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangalaram, commonly known as Wat Pho covers an area of over 20 acres, King Rama I(1782-1809 A.D.) was rebuilt the old Wat Potaram and was completed in 1793 A.D. and changed the name to Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmongalarawat in 1801 A.D. Later on King Rama III launched a major restoration in 1819 A.D. The Ordination hall or The Bot was constructed by King Rama I(1782-1809 A.D.) and was considerably enlarged by King Rama III(1824-1851 A.D.) with a three-tiered roof that extends down to meet the colonnade round the bot. The Principal Buddha Image. It was found at wat Sala Si Na or wat Khuhasawan in Thonburi and was moved to be the principal image by order of King rama I(1782-1809 A.D.) and given name of Phra Puttha Devapatimakorn, placed on the top tier. The second tier holds the two chief disciples, Phra Mokalana on the right and Phra Saributr on the left of the image. Alter-table Combination Set. It was the first examples of this art and sets of alter tables in subsequent times. It consists of an eleven-piece set and places in front of the principal image. Mural Painting depict scenes of heavens, various themes ranging from the forty-one disciples recommended by Buddha for their particular excellence, jataka stories and folklore. Mother-of-pearl inlaid of the eight door panels are the best examples of the art in the Bangkok period. The designs are from Ramakien. The gable-ends. The two gables are completely filled with floral motifs decorated with colored glass, indicating Chinese influence on Thai artists. Balustrate Bas-Reliefs round the bot contains 154 marble slabs, depicting scenes from the Ramakien. The 8 Marker Stones are of the double slab type, housed in open structure with chedi-top. Boundary Walls have on the outside marble slabs with bas-reliefs showing landscape scenes or animal figures. Corner Prangs stands at each corner of the terrace round the bot by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The prangs decorated in grey marble with four niches at the base, each holding a celestial and over the niches is a row of demon bearers encircling the prang body. The Galleries enclosed the bot on all four sides by double-rowed. The inside walls of the bot, the inner and outer galleries are lined with 394 bronze Buddha images: 244 images in the outer and 150 images in the inner gallery. These images were brought down from the north by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). Vihans : Compass Point Vihans that connect the inner and outer galleries on the four sides and also giving access into the enclosed terrace of the bot. The north and south vihans have gable-ends decorated with Vishnu holding Naga but the east and west vihans show Rama on Hanuman. There are Buddha images placed in these vihans. The Phra Buddha Lokanat is standing in the rear port which is a bronze image 10 meters high. It was brought to Bangkok by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). The Four Corner Vihans are located at the outside the gallery. The Two Vihan Noi found in front of the sala karnparien are kept some Buddha images. Vihan of the Reclining Buddha was built in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The roof is three-tiered and gable-ends have the floral motifs designs. The Reclining Buddha is 46 meters long ans 15 meters high, is a lacquered and gilded image of brick and stucco structure. On the soles of the feet is the most interesting feature is the mother-of-pearl inlaid design showing the 108 auspicious signs around the Chakra or a Disc at the center. The Great Stupas. Four great stupas, each 41 meters high were constructed on three separate occasions. The one with green tile mosaic named Phra Maha Chedi Sri Sanphetdayan built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) to cover the ruined Standing Buddha image of Phra Sri Sanphet that had been brought down from the Royal Palace of Ayutthaya. The white tile mosaic named Phra Maha Chedi Dilok Dhammakaroknitarn dedicated to King Rama II (1809-1824 A.D.), was built by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The yellow tile mosaic named Phra Maha Chedi Muni Batborikarn was built by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The last one, in dark blue tile mosaic named Phra Maha Chedi Song Srisuriyothai was built by King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.). Phra Chedi Rai. These are 71 small stupas surrounding the cloisters, were built by King Rama III (1851-1868 A.D.) for keeping ashes of the royal family. Stupa-in-Group were built by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) in order to contains the Buddha relics and pay homage to the Buddha. Single based stupa, four groups of five stupa are found in front of the cloister. The group consists of larger at the center surrounded by four small stupas on the same base, totally 20 stupas. Each was in a simple square-shape with twelve indented corners. Phra Mondop contains a large gilded carved-wood scripture cabinets used as the scripture hall of the temple. It was built by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). Rockeries and stone figures or Khao Mor. They are 26 rockeries were set up from the rock garden in the Grand Palace which was built in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). Two rockeries are of special interest, the first in front of the great stupa has a Siva lingam and the second has a Rishi figures in the postures of self-massage. These rishi figures were set up by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.) to illustrate the text in the small pavilions. Wat Pho abounds in stone figures from China in the reign of King Rama III (17824-1851 A.D.) and can be grouped as: people figures of European, Chinese mandarins, Chinese warriors; animals: horse, goats, dogs, elephants, lions, etc.; objects: Chinese stupas, gateways lamp post, lily bowls. Inscribed Stone Slabs. King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.) intended Wat Pho to be a center of learning for the general public and had texts on various knowledge inscribed on stone slabs for public study. These stone slabs may be group under eight headings: History of Wat Pho, Buddhism, Medical Prescriptions, Health, Wise Saying, Literature, Register of Tributary States of the Kingdom and Public Customs. The two headings of particular interest are the Medical Prescriptions and Health (Rishi Exercise). Today, Wat Pho is the center of traditional Thai medicine and massage technique. Belfry. There are two belfries constructed by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) located in front of sala karnparien while the one located in front of the Vihan of the Reclining Buddha constructed by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). Small Pavilions. The pillars and walls are affixed with stone slabs containing inscriptions. Of particular interest are those found in the small pavilions in front of the great stupas, they contain description of various ailments and their respective causes with illustrations. Missakawan Park is a big park with decorative plants and a Chinese style pavilion. Inside this park is one important Sri Maha Bodi Tree which was brought from Ceylon by King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.). The mural painting in the pavilion depicts scenes from Samkok, a famous Chinese literature. Crocodile Pond is a cement pond with a hill in the middle. There is a big Chinese style building named “Tuek Farang” which was built by King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The pond is now applied to be a shady decorative plant garden with many kinds of trees. Wasukri Residence is the library of the 7th Holiness Prince Patriarch of the Rattanakosin period, Krom Phra Paramanujit Jiniros. The Prince Supreme Patriarch was one of the famous Thai poets and was honored by UNESCO as the Great Poet Laureate.

The Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand

The Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand The Grand Palace was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) in 1782 A.D. Its covers an area of 61 acres. The compound of the Grand Palace is divided into four sections: The Outer Palace, The Central Palace, The Inner Palace and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. The sites of various Royal Residences, Throne hall and Royal Chapel within the compound of the palace. The Outer Palace is an area of the royal administrative office. The Central Palace is the most important area of the Grand Palace consists of The Throne halls and the Royal Residences. In the old days, it was the formal audience hall where the King met his officers for the state business. The Inner Palace was an area of the Royal Residence for the King, Queen and the royal family. The Temple of The Emerald Buddha enshrines the Emerald Buddha. Phra Maha Monthien Group consists of three important throne halls: Phra Thinang Amarindra Vinitchai Mahai Surya Phiman, Phra Thinang Phaisan Thaksin and Phra Thinang Chakkrapat Phiman. Phra Thinang Amarindra Vinitchai Mahai Surya Phiman was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) in 1782 A.D. This throne hall is the most important within the Phra Maha Monthien Group. It is the formal audience hall and used for important state ceremonies such as the Coronation Ceremony, the Anniversary of the King’s Birthday. Two thrones are placed in this hall: Phra Thinang Phuttan Karnchanasinghat for the King seated during performed the royal ceremony. Phra Thinang Bussabok Mala Maha Chakkrapat Phiman is used to enshrine Buddha images during religious ceremonies. They were built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). In the old days, Phra Thinang Amarindra Vinitchai was the formal audience hall. The two British envoys, John Crawfurd during the reign of King Rama II (1809-1824 A.D.) and Sir John Bowring during the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) were both received here. Phra Thinang Phaisan Thaksin is directly behind and connected with Phra Thinang Amarindra Vinitchai, was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). This throne hall is placed a high altar of Phra Siam Thevathirat. Two thrones are used during the most important of the Coronation Ceremony: Phra Thinang Atthathit Ratchaart on which the King received his water of consecration from the eight regions and Phra Thinang Bhadrabit on which the King received the royal regalia consisting of the Five Insignia of Kingship. Phra Thinang Chakkrapat Phiman was the King’s residence of the First Three Chakri Dynasty. King Rama VI (1910-1925 A.D.) was his residence. King Rama VII (1925-1935 A.D.) spent a few night here after his Coronation. The present King, King Rama IX (King Bhumibol) spent his Coronation night here. Phra Thinang Dusit Maha Prasat was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) in 1782 A.D. The original throne hall constructed of wood and called Amarindrabhisek Throne Hall. King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) intended that the building be used for his own Lying-in-State. The throne hall was struck by lighting in 1789 A.D. King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) was rebuilt the throne hall and given the name Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall, has four wings covered with four-tiered roofs. At the center is formed a seven-tiered prasat-spire and supported by four garudas(the king of bird=the mythical animals within the Himavamsa forest surrounding Mount Meru). Each tier, representing the levels of heaven according to the beliefs of the Tribhumi or Buddhist Cosmology. In the middle of the throne hall stands the mother-of-pearl inlaid throne, surmounts by a nine-tiered white umbrella. In the east wing stands a royal bed was decorated with mother-of-pearl inlaid. Both throne halls were built by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) The throne was modified interior by adding a window in the form of a throne from which he received in audience female royalties. Now, throne hall has served the Commemorating the Anniversary of the Coronation Ceremony and the Lying-in-State place for royal remains in a golden urn prior to cremation. Phra Thinang Aphorn Phimok Prasat. This is a small open pavilion was built entirely of wood by King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) on the east part of the wall around Phra Thinang Dusit Maha Prasat. It was used as a disrobing pavilion by the King when processing on the palanquin to the audience hall of Phra Thinang Dusit Maha Prasat. It was reproduced in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.) at Bang Pa-In Palace, Ayutthaya. A small replica throne hall was exhibited at the World’s Fair in Brussels in 1958 A.D. Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat was built in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.) in 1876 A.D. This throne hall is shows a mixture of Thai and European style designed by the British architect Mr.John Clunish. The lower part of this throne hall is built in Neo-French Renaissance style with tiered roof and spires in traditional Thai style. It took six years to complete with commemorated the centenary of Bangkok in 1882 A.D. The throne hall is a three-storeys building amidst several one storey building, albeiton raised bases, and to ensure that it blended harmoniously with surroundings. The throne hall consists of three main parts: The Central Hall, The East wing and The West Wing, each connected to one another by passages inside the building. The Central Hall. The top Floor of the hall houses Buddha images and the ashes of the deceased kings of the Chakri dynasty. The first floor is the most important. There are a large reception hall and the Main Audience Hall (Chakri Throne hall) where the King receives ambassadors on the occasion of the representation of their credentials and where state banquets in honor of visiting Foreign Monarchs, Presidents and other royal ceremonies such as the Anniversary of the King’s Birthday. At the rear of the throne hall placed Phra Thaen Puttan Thom or Niello Throne sheltered by a nine-tiered white umbrella with the Royal Emblem of the Chakri Dynasty(consists of disc and trident) is also shown behind the Niello Throne. The wall are hangs with paintings of past diplomatic presentations: Louis XIV’s reception in the Gallerie des Glaces at Versailles of Phra Visut Sunthorn (Gosa Pan), an ambassador of King Narai the great of Ayutthaya, the reception at Fontaine Bleau of the Thai ambassador sent by King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D) to Emperor Napolean III, Queen Victoria’s reception of Phraya Montri Suriyavongse, an ambassador of King Rama IV at Buckingham Palace. The ground floor of the central hall is the office of the royal guards. The East Wing. The top floor are kept the article of worships. The first floor is used as a reception room for royal guests and on the wall hangs a large portrait of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.), his Queen and five royal princes. The ground floor is a museum of weapon. The West Wing. The top floor contains the ashes of deceased Queen and senior members of the royal family. The first floor is the personal reception room of the Queen and hangs portraits of King Rama VII and his Queen. The ground floor is a library room. Halls Connecting the East Wing and the West Wing. On the first floor, there are two long halls connecting the Central Hall with the East Wing and the West Wing. Inside the connecting hall hang portraits of the former Kings, from King Rama I to King Rama VII, as well as King Pinklao, the second king during reign of King Rama IV and also hang portraits of the Queens. Phra Thinang Borom Phiman was built by King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.). The two storeys building was designed by a foreign architected in Neo-Renaissance style for the Heir Apparent, the future King Rama VI (1910-1925 A.D.). At present, Phra Thinang Borom Phiman serves as the Royal Guest House for visiting Heads of State and guests of their majesties. Hor Sastrakom was built by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and rebuilt in the reign of King rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) used for monk of the Ramanna Sect every eighth and fifteenth day of the waxing and waning moon, for the ceremony of making lustral water used in the daily ablution of His Majesty and for sprinkling over the compound of the Phra Maha Monthien. Phra Thinang Ratcharuedee was built by King Rama VI (1910-1925 A.D.) used by the King as an Ablution Pavilion for a ceremonial bath on his birthday. Phra Thinang Dusidaphirom was built by King rama I (1782-1809A.D.) and modified by King Rama IV used as a changing room to carry on a palanquin or an elephant. Phra Thinang Sanam Chan was built by King Rama II (1809-1824 A.D.) used as a gazebo. Phra Thinang Ratchakaranya Sapha was built by King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.) for Councils of State. In 1897 A.D. King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D) made trip to Europe. He assigned his Queen Saowabha as Regent and she presided over Privy Council meeting in his state. In 1956 A.D. The present King, King Rama IX or King Bhumibol assigned Her Majesty Queen Sirikit was Regent, while the King had ordained to the monkhood. She presided over Privy Council meeting here. Mount Krailasa. This is a replica of Mount Krailasa was built by King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) for the prince and princess would have a purifying bath during the Tonsure Ceremony. The Museum of the temple of the Emerald Buddha was built in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.) as a Royal Mint. In 1982 A.D. for bicentennial of Bangkok, the Emerald Buddha temple was extensively renovated and it was decided the certain architectural elements which had to be replaced should be preserved, together with various artifacts and Buddha images donated to the temple of the Emerald Buddha by King and members of the public. According to H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn as Director of the Restoration Committee decided that the Royal Mint should be turned into a museum. Ground floor displays a varied selection of objects associated with the Grand Palace over the centuries. And also Thai architecture, some Buddha images and Chinese stone statues which used to stand in the gardens surrounding the Emerald Buddha temple. Thai Kings have traditionally been associated with white elephants, which were regarded as extremely auspicious. The more white elephants, the more powerful King, with King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D) so far having the greatest number at 19. Upper floor displays two models of the Grand Palace showing how it was in the first reign and in this reign. The great quantity of Buddha images and commemorative medals created on the occasion of the Bangkok bicentennial, etc.

Wat Phra Si Rattana Sasdaram or Temple of the Emerald Buddha or Wat Phra Kaeo

Wat Phra Si Rattana Sasdaram or Temple of the Emerald Buddha or Wat Phra Kaeo, Bangkok, Thailand. Wat Phra Si Rattana Sasdaram built by King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) in 1782 A.D. at the same time of Bangkok established as his capital. It’s a royal temple within the Grand Palace. The construction took two years to complete and enshrined the Emerald Buddha. The attractions within Wat Phra Si Rattana Sasdaram : The Ordination Hall. The Ordination hall or the Bot or the Ubosoth is enshrined the Emerald Buddha image on a golden throne made of gilded carved wood. The roof is in three tiers design with the gable ends decorated with a Vishnu on Garuda design. The 112 figures of the Garuda Holding Naga built in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). They were cast in gilded bronze and decorated around the base of the Ubosoth. Two Large Standing Crowned Buddha image and Ten Smaller Crowned Buddha image cast in bronze and covered with gold were built in the reign of King Rama III. A small Bronze Buddha image called Phra Samputtha Panni cast in the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.). Mural Paintings on the wall depicting the Enlightenment of the Buddha, the Buddhist cosmology consisting of the Three Worlds of senses(Kamabhumi), Form(Rupabhumi) and Non-Form(Arupabhumi). The Marker Stones or Sema are the double slab type to specific the sacred place. Bronze Lions Door Guardians There are altogether twelve in six pairs, guarding the main central door of the ubosoth. Phra Sri Rattana Chedi or The Golden Stupa built in the reign of king Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and applied gold leafs in the reign of King Rama V, contains the Buddha relics. The stupa is in the Ceylonese circular stupa style. Phra Mondop or The Mondop is used as a scripture hall. The Mondop is in the Thai architecture style and built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn or the Royal Panthern is contain the statues of the deceased king of the present dynasty (Chakri Dynasty) from King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) to King Rama VIII (1935-1946 A.D.). This building is in the Khmer style. Two Smaller Golden Stupa were built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) dedicated to his parents. There are 4 monkeys and 16 giants supporting the stupa as bearer at the base. Two pairs of Decorated Stupa were built in the reign of king Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). They have square, indented corners and decorated with gold leafs and colored glass mosaics. Hor Phra Monthien Tham is used as an auxiliary scripture hall. It was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.). Vihan Yot contains the Buddha image called Phra Nak. It was built and decorated with the Chinese porcelain in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). Hor Phra Nak contains the ashes of the royal family. It was built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and rebuilt in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). The Phanom Mak built in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.) dedicated to the Buddha. The Mythological Being from the Himavamsa were built in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D.). Totally 7 pairs are called Kinnon, Asuravayupak, Asurapaksi, Absornsi, Singhapanon, Thepnorasingha and Theppaksi. A Model of Angkor Wat built in the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and completed in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910 A.D). Hor Phra Gandharat built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and contains the Buddha image called Phra Gandhara Buddha to be used in the rain-asking ceremony during the Ploughing season. Hor Ratchakoramanusorn built in the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and contains the Buddha images dedicated to the past King of Ayutthaya and Thonburi. Hor Ratchapongsanusorn built in the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and contains the Buddha images dedicated to the King of the present dynasty. Phra Pho Thi That Phiman built in the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and contains the Buddha relics and Bodi leafs. The Statue of Hermit or Rishi cast in bronze in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). He is a specialist in the traditional medicines, a mortar and a grinding stone places in front of him. The Eight Prangs were built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and decorated with the Chinese porcelains in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.) dedicated to a specific element of Buddhism are the Buddha(Lord Buddha), the Dhamma(Teachings of Buddha), the Sangha(Buddhist monks), the Bhiksuni(Buddhist female monks), the Pacchekabodhi(Buddha who attained enlightenment but never preach), the Chakkavati(Emperor of the kingdom), the Bodhisattava(Buddha in his previous life) and the Maitreya(next Buddha). Lined Pavilions built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) to support people who visit the temple. Belfry built in the reign of King Rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and rebuilt in the reign of Rama IV (1851-1868 A.D.) and decorated with Chinese porcelain mosaics in floral geometric style with double Naga frames over the door. The spire is in Thai style known as Mondop. Monuments of the Royal Insignia King Rama V built three monuments for the insignia of King Rama I to King Rama V in 1883 A.D. The additional four monuments for King Rama VI to Rama IX ordered by HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of the present reign (King Rama IX). They are beautifully designed in Thai style known as Bussabok. The Cloisters There are mural paintings in the cloister, depict the story of the Ramakien, the Thai version of the Indian Ramayana. These mural paintings consists of 178 scenes were completed in the reign of King rama I (1782-1809 A.D.) and restored many times. The Twelve Giants or The Statues of Demon-Guardians are standing at the gates passing through the cloister. They were built in the reign of King Rama III (1824-1851 A.D.). Each representing an important character in the Ramakien story e.g. Tosakanth is the King of Giant, Indrachit, Virunhok, etc.